Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis [Oliv.]Diels), Chinese Angelica
  
Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis [Oliv.]Diels), Chinese Angelica
Background
Dong Quai ( Angelica sinensis ), also known as Chinese Angelica, has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese, Korean, and Japanese medicine. It remains one of the most popular plants in Chinese medicine, and is used primarily for health conditions in women. Dong Quai has been called "female ginseng," based on its use for gynecologic disorders such as painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea) or pelvic pain, recovery from childbirth or illness, and fatigue/low vitality. It is also given for strengthening xue (loosely translated as "the blood") , for cardiovascular conditions/high blood pressure, inflammation, headache, infections, and neuropathic (nerve) pain.
In the late 1800s, an extract of Dong Quai called Eumenol became popular in Europe as a treatment for gynecologic complaints. Recently, interest in Dong Quai has resurged due to its proposed weak estrogen-like properties. However, it remains unclear if Dong Quai has the same effects on the body as estrogens, blocks the activity of estrogens, or has no significant hormonal effects. Results of animal studies are conflicting, and one human trial found no short-term estrogen-like effects on the body (Hirata, 1997). Additional research is necessary in this area before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
In Chinese medicine, Dong Quai is most often used in combination with other herbs. Within the Chinese medical framework, Dong Quai is used as a component of formulas for liver qi stasis and spleen deficiency. It is believed to work best in patients with a yin profile, and is considered to be a mildly warming herb. Dong Quai is thought to return the body to proper order by nourishing the blood and harmonizing vital energy. The name Dong Quai translates as "return to order" based on its alleged restorative properties.
The part of the plant most often cultivated for medicinal use is the root, which is divided into three parts (head, body, tail). Each section is thought to have different actions within the body. For example, the tail is proposed to be best for promoting blood circulation, while the head is thought to be the worst.
Although Dong Quai has many historical and theoretical uses based on animal studies, there is little human evidence supporting the effects of Dong Quai for any condition. Few clinical studies have been done, most of which have been either poorly designed or reported insignificant results. Most have examined combination formulas containing multiple ingredients in addition to Dong Quai, making it difficult to determine which ingredient may cause certain effects.
Synonyms
American angelica, Angelica acutiloba (Japanese) , Angelica archangelica, Angelica atropurpurea, Angelica dahurica, Angelica edulis, Angelica gigas, Angelica keiskei, Angelica koreana, Angelica polymorpha var. sinensis Oliv. , Angelica pubescens, Angelica radix, Angelica root, Angelica silvestris, Angelique, Archangelica officinalis Moench or Hoffm, beta-sitosterol, Chinese Angelica, Chinese Danggui, Danggui, Dang GuiŪ, Danggui-Nian-Tong-Tang (DGNTT), Dang Quai, Dong Kwai, Dong qua, Dong Quai extract, Dong Quai root, Dong qui, dry-kuei, engelwurzel, European angelica, European Dong Quai, Female ginseng, FP3340010, FP334015, FT334010, garden angelica, Heiligenwurzel, Japanese angelica, Kinesisk Kvan, Kinesisk Kvanurt, Ligusticum glaucescens franch, Ligusticum officinale Koch, Ligustilides, phytoestrogen, Qingui, radix Angelica sinensis , root of the Holy Ghost, Tan Kue Bai Zhi, Tang Kuei, Tang Kuei RootŪ, Tang kwei, Tang Quai, Tanggui (Korean), Tanggwi (Korean), Toki (Japanese), wild angelica, wild Chin Quai, Women's ginseng, Yuan Nan wild Dong Quai, Yungui.
Combination herbal formulations : Angelica-Alunite Solution, Angelica-Paeonia Powder, Bloussant( Breast Enhancement Tablets, Bust Plus(, Dong Quai and Royal Jelly, Female Corrective Combination Containing Dong Quai(, Danggui Huoxue Tang, Danggui Buxue Tang, Four Things Soup, Shou Wu Chih, Dong Quai 4, Shenyan Huayu Tang, Sini Decoction, Siwu tang, Shimotus To, tokishakuyakusan, Xiao Yao Powder, Yishen Tang.
Note : The related species, Angelica acutiloba , appears to have similar properties to Dong Quai ( Angelica sinensis ) in laboratory experiments.
Evidence
These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Uses based on scientific evidenceGrade*Amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period)
There is limited poor-quality study of Dong Quai as a part of herbal combinations given for amenorrhea. It is unclear from laboratory studies if Dong Quai has the same effects on the body as estrogens or blocks the activity of estrogens (or neither), and how this might affect women with amenorrhea. One human study suggests that Dong Quai may not have significant short-term estrogen-like effects on the body. Additional research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
C
Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
There are unclear results of preliminary, poor-quality human research of Dong Quai in combination with other herbs for dysmenorrhea. Animal studies report conflicting results, with either relaxing or stimulatory effects of Dong Quai on the uterus. Reliable scientific evidence for Dong Quai alone in humans with dysmenorrhea is not available. It is traditionally believed that therapy should begin on day 14 of the cycle and continue until menstruation has ceased.
C
Menstrual migraine headache
One small study reports a reduced average number of menstrual-associated migraine attacks during prophylactic treatment with a daily combination of 60mg soy isoflavones, 100mg dong quai, and 50mg black cohosh, with each component standardized to its primary alkaloid. Patients received study medication for 24 weeks. The effects of Dong Quai alone for this condition are not clear, and further research is necessary before a clear conclusion can be reached.
C
Angina pectoris / coronary artery disease
There is insufficient evidence to support the use of Dong Quai for the treatment of heart disease.
C
Arthritis
Dong Quai is traditionally used in the treatment of arthritis. However, there is insufficient reliable human evidence to recommend the use of Dong Quai alone or in combination with other herbs for osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.
C
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
A poor-quality study reports benefits of Dong Quai in patients diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). However, these patients were not compared to individuals who were not receiving Dong Quai, and therefore the results can only be considered preliminary.
C
Nerve pain
There is insufficient evidence to support the use of Dong Quai as a treatment for neuropathic pain. High-quality human research is lacking.
C
Glomerulonephritis
There is insufficient evidence to support the use of Dong Quai as a treatment for kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis. Preliminary poor-quality research of Dong Quai in combination with other herbs reports unclear results.
C
Pulmonary hypertension
A preliminary controlled trial reports that the combination of Dong Quai with the drug nifedipine may be better than either agent alone to improve pulmonary hypertension in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Xu, 1992). A second study of Dong Quai alone also noted benefits (Zheng, 1992). These studies were small and not well reported, and cannot be considered conclusive. It remains unclear if Dong Quai is beneficial for other causes of pulmonary hypertension. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made.
C
Menopausal symptoms
Dong Quai is used in traditional Chinese formulas for menopausal symptoms. It has been proposed that Dong Quai may contain "phytoestrogens" (chemicals with estrogen-like effects in the body). However, it remains unclear from laboratory studies if Dong Quai has the same effects on the body as estrogens, blocks the activity of estrogens, or has no significant effect on estrogens. A well-designed 24-week human trial compared the effects of Dong Quai to a placebo in 71 women with menopausal symptoms (Hirata, 1997). This study found no differences in hot flashes or in the Kupperman Index (a commonly used measure of menopausal symptoms) between Dong Quai and placebo groups. No changes occurred in blood estrogen levels, thickness of the uterus lining, or vaginal dryness. This study suggests that Dong Quai may not have short-term estrogen-like effects on the body. However, there may have been too few patients enrolled in the study to accurately measure effects. In addition, the Dong Quai extract used, prepared by East Earth herbs, Inc. (4.5 milligrams per day, standardized to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram of ferulic acid), may not be manufactured in the same way as other Dong Quai products, and may yield different results. Additional research is necessary before a strong recommendation can be made.
D
* Key to grades
A: Strong scientific evidence for this use;
B: Good scientific evidence for this use;
C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use;
D: Fair scientific evidence against this use (it may not work);
F: Strong scientific evidence against this use (it likely does not work).
Uses based on tradition or theory
The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Abscesses, abdominal pain, abnormal fetal movement, abnormal heart rhythms, age-related nerve damage, allergy, anemia, anorexia nervosa, antibacterial, anti-aging, antifungal, antiseptic, antispasmodic,anti-tumor, antiviral, anxiety, aortitis, asthma, atherosclerosis, back pain, bleeding hemorrhoids, bleomycin-induced lung damage, blood clots, blood flow disorders, blood purifier, blood stagnation, blood vessel disorders, blurred vision, body pain, boils, bone growth, breast enlargement, bronchitis, Buerger's disease, cancer, central nervous system disorders, cervicitis, chilblains, chronic hepatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic rhinitis, cholagogue, cirrhosis, colchicine-induced learning impairment, congestive heart failure (CHF), constipation, cough, cramps, diabetes, digestion disorders, diuretic (increasing urination), dysentery, eczema, emotional instability, endometritis, expectorant, fatigue, fibrocystic breast disease, fibroids, flatulence (gas), fluid retention, gastric ulcer, glaucoma, hay fever, headache, heartburn, hematopoiesis (stimulation of blood cell production), hemolytic disease of the newborn, hernia, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, hormonal abnormalities, immune cytopenias, immune suppressant, infections, infertility, irritable bowel syndrome, joint pain, kidney disease, labor aid, laxative, leukorrhea (vaginal discharge), liver protection, lung disease, malaria, menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), menstrual cramping, migraine, miscarriage prevention, morning sickness, muscle relaxant, dermatitis, osteoporosis, ovulation abnormalities, pain, pain from bruises, palpitations, pelvic congestion syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, peritoneal dialysis, pleurisy, post-partum weakness, pregnancy support, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), psoriasis, prolapsed uterus, pulmonary fibrosis, Raynaud's disease, reperfusion injury, respiratory tract infection, retained placenta, Rhesus (Rh) factor incompatibility, rheumatic diseases, sciatica, sedative, sepsis, shingles (herpes zoster), skin pigmentation disorders, skin ulcers, stiffness, stroke, stomach cancer, stress, tinnitus (ringing in the ear), toothache, vaginal atrophy, vitamin E deficiency, wound healing.
Dosing
The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.
Standardization
There are no standard or well-studied doses of Dong Quai, and many different doses are used traditionally. Some products standardize Dong Quai to 0.8-1.1% ligustilide per dose, or to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram of ferulic acid. One gram of 100% Dong Quai extract has been reported to be equivalent to approximately 4 grams of raw Dong Quai root. Safety and effectiveness are not established for any dose.
In Asia, Dong Quai is primarily used medicinally, while in the United States and Europe it is more common as a flavoring agent in food products (liqueurs, vermouths, ice cream, candy, gelatins, puddings). A related species, Angelica acutiloba , appears to have similar properties to Dong Quai in laboratory experiments.
Root preparations:
Combination preparations : Dong Quai is used in numerous herbal combinations, and various doses have been used traditionally and in Chinese research. Because of this variation and lack of high-quality studies, no specific recommendations can be made. Safety and effectiveness are not established for most herbal combinations, and the amounts of Dong Quai present from batch to batch may vary.
Powdered/dried root/root slices : 1 to 5 grams of root taken by mouth 3 times daily has been used traditionally, although more common doses range from 1 to 2 grams taken 3 times daily. Weight-based dosing as been proposed, although there is no scientific evidence to support such dosing.
Fluid extract/tincture : 3 to 8 milliliters of a fluid extract (1:2) or 10 to 40 drops of tincture (1:5 in 50-70% alcohol) taken by mouth three times daily have been used.
Decoction : 1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon of cut root in 1 cup hot water, boiled and simmered for 2 to 5 minutes, then removed from heat and left to stand for 5 to 10 minutes. 1 to 3 cups have been consumed by mouth daily.
Intravenous : Safety of intravenous use is not established, although it has been reported in research.
Topical (on the skin) : Ten to 15 drops of diluted essential oil has been used for skin irritation (anecdotal).
Leaf preparations (less common than root preparations):
Dried leaf : 2 to 5 grams taken by mouth three times daily have been used.
Leaf tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) : 2 to 5 milliliters taken three times daily have been used.
Leaf fluid extract (1:1) : 0.5 to 2 milliliters taken 3 times daily have been used.
Children (younger than 18 years):
There is not enough scientific data to recommend Dong Quai for use in children, and it is not recommended due to potential side effects.
Safety
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.
Allergies
People with known allergy/hypersensitivity to Angelica radix or members of the Aplaceae / Umbelliferae family (anise, caraway, carrot, celery, dill, parsley) should avoid Dong Quai. Skin rash has been reported with the use of Dong Quai, although it is not clear if this was an allergic response. An asthma response has occurred after breathing in Dong Quai powder.
Side Effects and Warnings
Although Dong Quai is accepted as being safe as a food additive in the United States and Europe, its safety in medicinal doses is not known. There are no reliable long-term studies of side effects. Most precautions are based on theory, laboratory research, tradition, or isolated case reports.
Components of Dong Quai may increase the risk of bleeding due to anticoagulant and anti-platelet effects, although there are no reliable reports of clinically significant bleeding in humans. Caution is advised in patients with bleeding disorders or taking drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing adjustments may be necessary. Discontinue use prior to surgical or major dental or procedures.
It remains unclear if Dong Quai has the same effects on the body as estrogens, blocks the activity of estrogens, or has no significant hormonal effects. Results of animal studies are conflicting, and one human trial found no short-term estrogen-like effects on the body (including no hormonal changes or increases in uterus wall thickness after 24-weeks of treatment). It remains unclear if Dong Quai is safe in individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, or endometriosis. It is not known if Dong Quai possesses the beneficial effects that estrogen is believed to have on bone mass, or the potential harmful effects such as increased risk of stroke or hormone-sensitive cancers.
Increased sun sensitivity with a risk of severe skin reactions (photosensitivity) may occur due to chemicals in Dong Quai (furocoumarins, psoralen and bergapten). Prolonged exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light should be avoided while taking Dong Quai. It is reported that steam-distilled oils of the root and seed may not possess the phototoxic chemicals.
Safrole, a volatile oil in Dong Quai, may be carcinogenic (cancer-causing). Long-term use should therefore be avoided, and suntan lotions that contain Dong Quai often limit the amount of Dong Quai to less than one percent.
Dong Quai has traditionally been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms (particularly with prolonged use), including laxative effects/diarrhea, upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, burping, or bloating. Published literature is limited in this area.
Dong Quai preparations may contain high levels of sucrose, and should be used cautiously by patients with diabetes or glucose intolerance.
Various other side effects have rarely been reported with Dong Quai taken alone or in combination with other herbs. However, side effects have not been evaluated in well-designed studies. These include: headache, lightheadedness/dizziness, sedation/drowsiness, insomnia, irritability, fever, sweating, weakness, abnormal heart rhythms, blood pressure abnormalities, wheezing/asthma, hot flashes, worsening premenstrual symptoms, reduced menstrual flow, increased male breast size (gynecomastia), kidney problems (nephrosis), or skin rash.
The safety of Dong Quai injected into the skin, muscles, or veins is not known and should be avoided. Essential oil of Dong Quai injected under the skin of dogs has stopped breathing.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Dong Quai is not recommended during pregnancy due to possible hormonal and anticoagulant/anti-platelet properties. Animal research has noted conflicting effects on the uterus, with reports of both stimulation and relaxation. There is a published report of miscarriage in a woman taking Dong Quai, although it is not clear that Dong Quai was the cause. Dong Quai is traditionally viewed as increasing the risk of abortion. There is insufficient evidence regarding the safety of Dong Quai during breastfeeding.
References
1. Abebe W. An overview of herbal supplement utilization with particular emphasis on possible interactions with dental drugs and oral manifestations. J Dent Hyg 2003;77(1):37-46
2. Bian X, Xu Y, Zhu L, et al. Prevention of maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility with traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Chin Med J (Engl) 1998;111(7):585-587.
3. Burke BE, Olson RD, Cusack BJ. Randomized, controlled trial of phytoestrogen in the prophylactic treatment of menstrual migraine. Biomed Pharmacother 2002;56(6):283-288.
4. Bradley RR, Cunniff PJ, Pereira BJ, et al. Hematopoietic effect of Radix Angelicae sinensis in a hemodialysis patient. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;34(2):349-354.
5. Chou CT, Kuo SC. The anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperuricemic effects of Chinese herbal formula danggui-nian-tong-tang on acute gouty arthritis: a comparative study with indomethacin and allopurinol. Am J Chin Med 1995;23 (3-4) :261-271.
6. Dai L, Hou J, Cai H. [Using ligustrazini and angelica sinensis treat the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 1996;19(1):26-28.
7. Day C, Bailey CJ. Hypoglycaemic agents from traditional plant treatments for diabetes. Internat Industrial Biotech 1998;8(3):5-8.
8. Deng Y, Yang L. Effect of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) on melanocytic proliferation, melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in vitro. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2003;23(3):239-241.
9. Ding H, Shi GG, Yu X, et al. Modulation of GdCl3 and Angelica sinensis polysaccharides on differentially expressed genes in liver of hepatic immunological injury mice by cDNA microarray. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9(5):1072-1076.
10. Fu YF. Treatment of 34 cases of infertility due to tubal occlusion with compound Danggui injection by irrigation. Jiangsu J Trad Chin Med 1988;9:15-16.
11. Fugh-Berman A. "Bust enhancing" herbal products. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101(6):1345-1349.
12. Goy SY, Loh KC. Gynaecomastia and the herbal tonic "Dong Quai". Singapore Med J 2001;42(3):115-116.
13. Hann SK, Park YK, Im S, et al. Angelica-induced phytophotodermatitis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1991;8(2):84-85.
14. Harada M, Suzuki M, Ozaki Y. Effect of Japanese Angelica root and peony root on uterine contraction in the rabbit in situ. J Pharmacobiodyn 1984;7(5):304-311.
15. He ZP, Wang DZ, Shi LY, et al. Treating amenorrhea in vital energy-deficient patients with angelica sinensis-astragalus membranaceus menstruation-regulating decoction. J Trad Chin Med 1986;6(3):187-190.
16. Hirata JD, Swiersz LM, Zell B, et al. Does Dong quai have estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 1997;68(6):981-986.
17. Huang LN, Yang BZ, Wang ZS. Treating 150 cases of postnatal lack of lactation by medicinal extract of "Zeng-Ru-Bao-Yu". Shan Xi J Trad Chin Med (Chiang-Su I Tsa Chih) 1997;18(6):251.
18. Huang Z, Guo B, Liang K. [Effects of Radix Angelicae sinensis on systemic and portal hemodynamics in cirrhotics with portal hypertension]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1996;35(1):15-18.
19. Hudson TS, Standish L, Breed C, et al. Clinical and endocrinological effects of a menopausal botanical formula. J Naturopathic Med 1998;7(1):73-77.
20. Huntley AL, Ernst E. A systematic review of herbal medicinal products for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Menopause 2003;10(5):465-476.
21. Jujie T, Huaijun H. Effects of Radix Angelicae sinensis on hemorrheology in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Trad Chin Med 1984;4:225-228.
22. Kiong HN. Gynaecomastia and the herbal tonic "Dong Quai". Singapore Medical Journal 2001;42(6):286-287.
23. Kotani N, Oyama T, Sakai I, et al. Analgesic effect of a herbal medicine for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea--a double-blind study. Am J Chin Med 1997;25(2):205-212.
24. Kronenberg F, Fugh-Berman A. Complementary and alternative medicine for menopausal symptoms: a review of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 2002;137(10):805-813.
25. Lee SK, Cho HK, Cho SH, et al. Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by multiple herbal agents in a pharmacist. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86(4):469-474.
26. Li JC, Yang ZR, Zhang K. [The intervention effects of Angelica sinensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine on peritoneal macrophages during peritoneal dialysis] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2002;22(3):190-192.
27. Li KX, You ZL, Zhang H, et al. Clinical study on "Yi-Qi-Hua-Yu" method in treatment of pelvis congestion syndrome. J Hunan College Trad Chin Med 1997;17(2):11-13. 28.
28. Li YH. [Local injection of angelica sinensis solution for the treatment of sclerosis and atrophic lichen of the vulva]. Zhonghua Hu Li Za Zhi 1983;18(2):98-99.
29. Liao JZ, Chen JJ, Wu ZM, et al. Clinical and experimental studies of coronary heart disease treated with yi-qi huo-xue injection. J Tradit Chin Med 1989;9(3):193-198.
30. Lo AC, Chan K, Yeung JH, et al. Danggui (Angelica sinensis) affects the pharmacodynamics but not the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rabbits. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1995;20(1):55-60.
31. Lu MC. Danggui shaoyao san improve colchichine-induced learning acquisition impairment in rats Acta Pharmacol Sin 2001;22(12):1149-1153.
32. Mei QB, Tao JY, Cui B. Advances in the pharmacological studies of radix Angelica sinensis (Oliv) Diels (Chinese Danggui). Chin Med J (Engl) 1991;104(9):776-781.
33. Nambiar S, Schwartz RH, Constantino A. Hypertension in mother and baby linked to ingestion of Chinese herbal medicine. West J Med 1999;171(3):152.
34. Oerter Klein K, Janfaza M, et al. Estrogen bioactivity in fo-ti and other herbs used for their estrogen-like effects as determined by a recombinant cell bioassay J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(9):4077-4079.
35. Ozaki Y, Ma JP. Inhibitory effects of tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid on spontaneous movement of rat uterus in situ. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1990;38(6):1620-1623.
36. Page RL, Lawrence JD. Potentiation of warfarin by Dong quai. Pharmacotherapy 1999;19(7):870-876.
37. Pan SQ, Zhang ZD, Zhang SX, et al. Clinical observation on 121 cases of primary thrombocytopenic purpura treated by SHEN-XUE-LING powder. Hunan J Chin Trad Med 1997;13(4):3-4.
38. Seibel MM. Treating hot flushes without hormone replacement therapy. J Fam Pract 2003;52(4):291-296.
39. Sha H, Chou Y. The modified Dan-Guei-Nein-Tong-Tang to treat gouty arthritis with tophi. J Trad Chinese Med 1987;2:60.
40. Shang P, Qian AR, Yang TH, et al. Experimental study of anti-tumor effects of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9(9):1963-1967
41. Shimuzu M, Matsuzawa T, Suzuki S, et al. Evaluation of Angelicae radix (Touki) by the inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Chem Pharm Bull 1991;39(8):2046-2048.
42. Sun SW, Wang JF. [Efficacy of danggui funing pill in treating 162 cases of abdominal pain]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1992;12(9):531-2, 517.
43. Tao JY, Ruan YP, Mei QB, et al. [Studies on the antiasthmatic action of ligustilide of dang-gui, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1984;19(8):561-565.
44. Tu JJ. Effects of radix Angelicae sinensis on hemorrheology in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Tradit Chin Med 1984;4(3):225-228.
45. Usuki S. Effects of herbal components of Tokishakuyakusan on progesterone secretion by corpus luteum in vitro. Am J Chin Med 1991;19(1):57-60.
46. Wang CH, Zhang ZH, Wang Q. Therapeutic effect of 106 acute urticaria patients with the added ingredient of radix angelicae sinesis. Journal Shanxi Coll Trad Chin Med 1997;20(3):25.
47. Wang X, Wei L, Ouyang JP, et al. Effects of an angelica extract on human erythrocyte aggregation, deformation and osmotic fragility. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2001;24(3):201-205.
48. Wang Y, Zhu B. [The effect of angelica polysaccharide on proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cell]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1996;76(5):363-366.
49. Wang ZH, Wang XP, Ma L. 103 cases of neonatal hemolytic disease due to ABO blood group incompatibility prevented and treated by Huo Xue Xiao Yu decoction. Forum Trad Chin Med 1997;12(2):26.
50. Wilasrusmee C, Siddiqui J, Bruch D, et al. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of herbal products. Am Surg. 2002;68(10):860-864.
51. Wilasrusmee C, Kittur S, Siddiqui J, Bruch D, et al. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of ten commonly used herbs on murine lymphocytes. J Altern Complement Med. 2002;8(4):467-475.
52. Wu Y, Zhu B. [Effect of danggui buxue decoction on proliferation and expression of
53. intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells] Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2001;32(4):593-595.
54. Xu JY, Li BX, Cheng SY. [Short-term effects of Angelica sinensis and nifedipine on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with pulmonary hypertension]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 1992;12(12):716-8, 707.
55. Xuan GC, Feng QF, Xue FM. Clinical observation on treating 400 cases of cerebral infarction with traditional Chinese herb power. Henan J Trad Chin Med Pharmacy 1997;12(4):28-29.
56. Yan TY, Hou AC, Sun BT. [Injection of Angelica sinensis in treating infantile pneumonia and its experimental study in rabbits]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1987;7(3):161-2, 133.
57. Yang Q, Populo SM, Zhang J, et al. Effect of Angelica sinensis on the proliferation of human bone cells. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;324(1-2):89-97.
58. Ye YN, Koo MW, Li Y, et al. Angelica sinensis modulates migration and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells. Life Sci. 2001;68(8):961-968.
59. Ye YN, So HL, Liu ES, et al. Effect of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis on gastric ulcer healing. Life Sci. 2003 Jan 10;72(8):925-932.
60. Ye YN, Liu ES, Li Y, et al. Protective effect of polysaccharides-enriched fraction from Angelica sinensis on hepatic injury. Life Sci 2001;69(6):637-646.
61. Ye YN, Liu ES, Shin VY, et al. A mechanistic study of proliferation induced by Angelica sinensis in a normal gastric epithelial cell line. Biochem Pharmacol 2001;61(11):1439-1448.
62. Yim TK, Wu WK, Pak WF, et al. Myocardial protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury by a Polygonum multiflorum extract supplemented 'Dang-Gui decoction for enriching blood', a compound formulation, ex vivo. Phytother Res 2000;14(3):195-199.
63. Zheng L. [Short-term effect and the mechanism of radix Angelicae on pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 1992;15(2):95-97, 127.
64. Zheng M, Wang YP. Experimental study on effect of Angelica polysaccharide in inhibitory proliferation and inducing differentiation of K562 cells. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2002;22(1):54-57.
65. Zhiping H, Dazeng W, Lingyi S, et al. Treating amenorrhea in vital energy-deficient patients with Angelica sinensis-astragalus membranaceus menstruation-regulating decoction. J Trad Chin Med 2002;6(3):187-190.
66. Zschocke S, Liu J, Stuppner H, et al. Comparative study of roots of Angelica sinensis and related Umbelliferous drugs by thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytochemical Analysis 1998;9(6):283-290.
January 01, 2004 
|
